A rational glance at the history of Russia, and Russia today, from the pen of a renowned Sovietologist
(For excerpt in Spanish, please, scroll down)
The president of Russia decided to include all the essential motives of his interpretation in his most ambitious historical work up till now: “The Real Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II”. This is a compendious essay of seven-thousand-five-hundred words, which appeared in the June 2020 issue of the prestigious American bi-monthly The National Interest. Perhaps a word or two concerning this prestige. Earlier, The National Interest was the place where Francis Fukuyama’s renowned essay on the “end of history” was first printed, alongside no less important texts by Zbigniew Brzeziński, Henry Kissinger and Jeane Kirkpatrick. However, since a new publisher took over in 2001, the periodical became – following the mass exodus, in protest, of the old editorial team – the voice box of the most pro-Kremlin interpretation of international politics in the United States. These days, its leading articles have appeared from the pen of Maria Butina, the most notorious Russian spy of our times. Still, recognised by many people none too interested in the editorial changes as a voice of serious American strategic reflection, it was chosen by Putin as the pulpit for his debut on the world stage as a researcher into World War II. It was an effective debut. The first word of the text is Poland. Indeed, his main point is that Poland was responsible for World War II, and in particular, for the Holocaust. This is something that Putin was already more or less hinting at in his speech at Westerplatte on 1 September 2009, and which he developed in his addresses in December 2019. Now, he’s spilled this out onto the pages (and website) of that American magazine so beloved of all friends of Russia. […]
Naturally, the Russian president spends a large portion of the essay reminding the reader of the decisive role played by Russia (the Red Army) in the victory over fascism. The Soviet Union saved the world and liberated Eastern Europe, Central Europe and the Far East (from the Japanese version of fascism). Unfortunately, although the Nuremberg Tribunal condemned both the Nazis and their collaborators, many of the latter are lauded in some nations (read: in Ukraine and also the Baltic countries). And yet, after all, those Nazi helpers from Eastern Europe outdid their masters in inhuman deeds. As examples of these atrocities, Putin adduces the mass execution of Jews in Babi Jar near Kyiv, the Wołyń Massacre, the liquidation of Jews in Lithuania and Latvia, as well as “burnt Chatyń”. In the Russian president’s account, there is a lack, of course, of the slightest mention of Katyń and the other mass crimes committed by the Soviet government in those areas occupied by the USSR on the strength of their pact with Hitler, the number of the victims of which can be estimated, at least, in hundreds of thousands of murdered and tortured. But there is Chatyń – a village in Belarus burnt to the ground in 1943 by SS collaborators under the command of Oskar Dirlewanger – which Putin only chooses as a place to be remembered in Soviet political history on account of its close phonological similarity to the forest of Katyń. In this way, he seeks to misdirect the duped receptor’s attention away from the much greater crimes committed in the woods near Smolensk by Moscow. This is a characteristic narrative detail of the Russian president’s essay in the year 2020. Any eventual reminder of what he himself overlooks in his text would be “historical revisionism”. There was a crime committed in Chatyń, but there was no Katyń at all. Whoever says otherwise is a revisionist (and as such is liable to punishment).
Putin brings his meditations to a close with a clear address to his Western readers: the world can only be saved from a new war by the cooperation of the great powers – just as they cooperated in 1945 in Yalta – a cooperation which, unfortunately, was interrupted in the following years. Likewise, it is the “egoisms” of smaller states, coupled with insufficient attention paid to the rebirth (in Eastern Europe, of course), of fascism, that could well ignite a new conflict. As President Putin puts it in his history lesson, the five great powers – the permanent members of the UN Security Council, and so: Russia, China, the United States, Great Britain and France – ought to join hands in a struggle against the contemporary threats facing our world.
I won’t even attempt a catalogue of the historical manipulations, the shocking, boldfaced lies and the catchy half-truths, from which this opus of Vladimir Putin’s has been concocted. Not only because other historians have already taken up the challenge, among whom are to be found the most renowned specialists of the history of World War II, and especially of its genesis, such as Richard Overy and Marek Kornat. Above all, however, I resign myself from the attempt at an expert polemic with the lord of the Kremlin, as it would be a fool’s errand. No pen of any historian interested in “old fashioned” truth can parry the knout of a “creator of history”, who is backed by the power of an empire, and will not hesitate to use it.
Translated by Charles S. Kraszewski
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EL REGRESO DEL “IMPERIO DEL MAL”
El presidente de Rusia optó por exponer los motivos fundamentales de su visión en su obra histórica más ambiciosa hasta ahora: The Real Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II. Este amplio ensayo, de siete mil quinientas palabras, apareció en junio de 2020 en la prestigiosa revista bimensual americana “The National Interest”. Algunas palabras referentes a este prestigio: fue precisamente en las páginas de “The National Interest” donde se publicaron por primera vez el famoso ensayo de Francis Fukuyama “el Fin de la Historia”, y conocidos textos de Zbigniew Brzeziński, Henry Kissinger o Jeane Kirkpatrick. Sin embargo, desde el año 2001 cuando la revista pasó a manos de un nuevo propietario, y después de la sonada dimisiónen bloque de la primera redacción, se convirtió en el centro de interpretación de la política internacional en Estados Unidos más afin al Kremlin. Desde entonces, más de un artículo de portada fue firmado, entre otros, por Maria Butina, la espía rusa más famosa de los últimos años. La revista, que sigue siendo considerada una voz seria en la reflexión estratégica en América por mucha gente, poco interesada por sus cambios en la redacción, fue elegida por Putin como tribuna de su estreno mundial en calidad de investigador de la II Guerra Mundial. El debut resultó espectacular. La primera palabra del texto es “Polonia”. Así es, aquí resulta con toda claridad que Polonia es la responsable de la II Guerra Mundial, y en especial del Holocausto. Lo que Putin había señalado en su discurso en Westerplatte el 1 de septiembre de 2009, y desarrolló en sus intervenciones en diciembre de 2019, ahora aparece vertido sobre el papel (y la página web) de la revista americana de los amigos de Rusia.
[…]
Naturalmente, gran parte del ensayo escrito por el presidente de Rusia recuerda el papel decisivo de Rusia (del Ejército Rojo) en la victoria sobre el fascismo. La Unión Soviética salvó al mundo y liberó la Europa del Este y Central, así como el Lejano Oriente (allí de la versión japonesa del fascismo). Por desgracia, aunque en los Juicios de Nuremberg se condenó tanto a los nazis como a sus colaboradores, los colaboradores de los nazis son homenajeados en algunos países (léase: Ucrania, países bálticos). Como ejemplos de tales comportamientos, Putin cita las ejecuciones en masa en Babi Yar cerca de Kiev, la matanza de Volinia, la liquidación de los judíos de Lituania y Letonia y “la quema de Chatyń”. Evidentemente, el texto del presidente de Rusia no menciona, ni siquiera de pasada, el crimen de Katyń y otros crímenes masivos cometidos por el poder soviético en los territorios ocupados en el marco del pacto con Hitler, que suman cientos de miles de victímas, asesinados y martirizados. Aun con todo, está Chatyń, la aldea bielorrusa quemada en 1943 por los colaboradores de la SS bajo el mando de Oskar Dirlewanger, y elegida como un lugar de memoria en la política histórica soviética, solo por su parecido con el nombre de Katyń, con el objetivo de cubrir el monstruoso crimen cometido por Moscú. Es éste un detale significativo de la narración del presidente ruso en 2020. Cualquier tímido recuerdo de lo que Putin omitió en su texto se tilda inmediatamente de “revisionismo histórico” inaceptable. Hubo Chatyń, no hubo Katyń. Quien afirme lo contrario es un revisionista (y como tal debe ser castigado).
Putin termina sus divagaciones dirigiéndose claramente a los lectores occidentales: solo la colaboración de las grandes potencias, igual que en la Conferencia de Yalta en 1945, por desgracia, interrumplida en los años posteriores, podrá salvar el mundo de una nueva guerra. Y ésta puede ser provocada una vez más por los “egoísmos” de pequeños estados y la falta de una debida atención al peligro del fascismo renaciente (por supuesto, en Europa del Este). Cinco potencias, miembros estables del Consejo de Seguridad dee la ONU, es decir, Rusia, China, Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña y Francia, apoyándose en la lección de historia expuesta por el presidente Putin, deberían lidiar juntas con los peligros de nuestros días.
No voy a intentar tan siquiera crear un catálogo de manipulaciones históricas, de mentiras apabullantes y medias verdades tramposas que colman la obra de Vladimir Putin. También, porque ya se ocupan de ello otros historiadores, grandes especialistas de la II Guerra Mundial, y especialmente de su génesis, tales como Richard Overy o Marek Kornat. No obstante, sobre todo renuncio a alimentar aquí una polémica especializada con el amo del Kremlin porque sería una tarea vana. La pluma del historiador interesado en la verdad “anticuada” no detendrá el látigo de “creador de la historia” que tiene detrás la fuerza del imperio y no duda en utilizarla.
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Traducción: Higinio J. Paterna Sánchez
A rational glance at the history of Russia, and Russia today, from the pen of a renowned Sovietologist
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