An overturning of stereotypes in a diagnosis of the mentality of the Russian elite
An overturning of stereotypes in a diagnosis of the mentality of the Russian elite
(For excerpt in Spanish, please, scroll down)
Several years ago, the renowned director Andrei Konchalovsky stated that “Many people say that Putin has destroyed Russia. The opposite is true: Russia has destroyed Putin. At the start, he was a man confessing to Western values. But when he saw the situation prevailing in our country… It was as if he had to constantly balance ever-moving tectonic plates so that it didn’t come to an earthquake. As the historian Vladimir Buldakov once put it, liberals don’t understand that the Russian nation creates just such a government, as would correspond to its ideas.”
Is it true that “at the start” Putin “confessed to Western values”? At one time, he certainly wasn’t as adverse to them as he is today, but it’s difficult to speak of any sort of “confession” or “adhesion”, both on account of the KGB past of Vladimir Vladimirovich, as well as the ease and scale of his later criticism of the West. On the other hand, the rest of the diagnosis offered by Konchalovsky is worth pausing to reflect upon. (Konchalovsky himself is a man of complicated views, who criticises the West for its gender ideology and advocated the absorption of Crimea by Russia; who today speaks of “Ukraine’s tragic mistake”, by which he means its drive to the West, which doesn’t need it; but who is also a man who expresses unusually critical views on Russia and Russianness. Furthermore, he is the born brother of Nikita Mikhailkov, a director at least as talented as he, though a Putin standard bearer for quite a long time, an “imperialist” and an Orthodox radical).
Worthwhile, because truly awe-inspiring is the formative power of Russianness, which is capable of fundamentally changing the viewpoints of its rulers and the direction of their activities. They approach the task of government with a well-defined plan, only to arrive at the realisation, with the passage of time, that they can effect nothing, or very little, of what they originally set out to do. I should also state here that I understand this power of Russianness in two or even three ways: as the direct, but not necessarily articulated, influence of culture on the ruler himself; as the influence, articulated in one way or another, of society and its elite on the ruler; and finally – perhaps the most difficult to describe – the influence of the peculiar traits of the state and country itself.
To begin with the last of these three: Russia is a very peculiar region, on which entropy seems to have a significantly stronger influence than it has on the rest of the world (at least as far as the northern hemisphere is concerned). This can be understood metaphysically, or in reference to the influence of some unknown cosmic forces (I’m not trying to be funny here; Cat-Mackiewicz once wrote that the transformation of the Germans into the nation that carried out the Holocaust can only be explained by just such a phenomenon, while Yuri Slezkine, author of the monumental House of Government, cites with approbation the protagonist of a certain Russian short story who, in an effort to explain the crimes of Bolshevism, alludes to… explosions on the face of the sun. I don’t exclude the possibility of both of them being correct).
One can also speak of the gigantic size of the Russian state, coupled with its relative paucity of inhabitants per square mile, the effect of which has been that it is exponentially more difficult there, than anywhere else, to introduce all sorts of decisions into daily life. There is also that specific trait of Russian culture that is marked by the passivity and apathy of society. On the one hand, this paralyses all sorts of effectiveness, and on the other – it forces (and enables) the government to slide in its particular manner of taking decisions. The above-cited Konchalovsky once said that “there is no public opinion among us in Russia, because the majority of Russian citizens haven’t the slightest desire to influence the activity of the government in any way. So the government does what it wants to do, including its steering of the justice system to the degree, and in the direction, it sees as proper.”
All of this taken together – one might speak of a certain type of tragic atmosphere – causes, in a certain way, the constant recreation of the so-called verticality of power in its classic, Russian meaning. In other words: as a system of hierarchical subjection radiating ot Moskvy do samykh, do okrain (“from Moscow to the farthest corners”), as a famous song once went during the Stalin years, which praised the USSR as the one nation on Earth with the most freedom. This is often a system in the strict sense, while in other conditions, sensu largo, it constitutes a paramilitary system based on a chain-effect of the realisation of the will of one man (less frequently, a group of people) occupying a current position at the very centre of the system – who do not foresee any room for any sort of initiative from the bottom up, any self-organisation of society; who, indeed, are hostile to such phenomena.
Translated by Charles S. Kraszewski
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¿EL FIN DEL MUNDO RUSO? FUENTES IDEOLÓGICAS DE LA AGRESIÓN RUSA.
“Son muchos los que dicen que Putin ha destruido Rusia, pero es al revés: es Rusia la que ha destruido a Putin” –señaló hace unos años el eminente cineasta Andrei Konchalovsky. “Al principio era una persona que creía en los valores occidentales, pero cuando vio la situación en la que se encontraba nuestro país… Era como si tuviera que mantener constantemente el equilibrio entre unas placas tectónicas en continuo movimiento para que no se llegara a un terremoto. Como dijo el historiador Vladimir Buldakov, los liberales no comprenden que la nación rusa engendra exactamente los mandatarios que concuerdan con su criterio”.
Que Putin fuera al principio “una persona que creía en los valores occidentales” parece una tesis más que discutible. Seguramente no les tenía tanta aversión como ahora, pero es difícil sostener que “creyera” en ellos tanto por provenir de la KGB como por la facilidad y la rotundidad con los que los negó más adelante. Sin embargo, vale la pena detenerse un momento a reflexionar sobre el resto del diagnóstico de Konchalovsky. Es éste un personaje de convicciones complejas: crítico con Occidente por la ideología de género, a la vez que partidario de la anexión de Crimea. Hoy habla del “trágico error de Ucrania” que consistió en aspirar a unirse a un Occidente que no la necesitaba, pero al mismo tiempo expone unas opiniones extraordinariamente críticas acerca de Rusia y lo ruso. Como curiosidad, Konchalovsky es hermano carnal del igualmente talentoso director de cine Nikita Mijalkov, imperialista convencido, ortodoxo radical y abanderado del putinismo desde hace años.
Vale la pena, porque es ciertamente asombroso, el poder formativo de la rusidad, capaz de modificar las convicciones y el modo de obrar de gobernantes que comienzan su mandato con un plan definido, pero que según pasa el tiempo se dan cuenta de que no lograrán realizar nada o casi nada de aquello que se habían propuesto. Hay que tener en cuenta que confiero a esa rusidad un significado doble o incluso tripe: como una influencia no necesariamente definida de la cultura sobre el mandatario en cuestión; como la influencia, definida de alguna manera, de la sociedad y de las élites sobre el mandatario; y en último lugar (y esto quizá sea lo más difícil de describir), como la influencia de las características particulares del propio estado y del país sobre el gobernante.
Comencemos por el último: Rusia es un área muy peculiar en la que la entropía parece obrar con mucha más fuerza que en todo el resto del globo (o por lo menos que en el hemisferio norte). Podemos darle a esto una interpretación metafísica o apelar a la existencia de fuerzas cósmicas desconocidas (no me burlo en absoluto de esta interpretación; Stanislaw Cat-Mackiewicz escribió que sólo un fenómeno así puede explicar la transformación de los alemanes en la nación que llevó a cabo el Holocausto, mientras que Yuri Slezkine, autor de la monumental La casa eterna, da su beneplácito a la opinión del protagonista de una novela rusa que buscando las causas de los crímenes del bolchevismo apela a… una explosión en la superficie del Sol; no excluyo que ambos tengan razón).
Podemos mencionar también el gigantesco tamaño del Estado, combinado con la escasa densidad de población, factores por los que llevar a la práctica una decisión es allí muchísimo más complicado que en cualquier otro lugar. Y recordemos, además, que una particularidad de la cultura rusa es el carácter pasivo de la sociedad, cosa que por un lado paraliza todo atisbo de eficacia, pero por otro empuja y a la vez facilita en cierto modo a los mandatarios a serpentear a la hora de tomar decisiones; un proceso que se lleva a cabo de una manera muy peculiar.
Konchalovsky, a quien ya citamos antes, dijo una vez que “en Rusia no tenemos opinión pública, pues la mayoría de los ciudadanos no tiene la menor gana de influir de ningún modo en la actuación de las autoridades; así que las autoridades hacen lo que les viene en gana, lo que incluye manejar el sistema judicial en el grado y sentido que se les antoja adecuado”.
Todo esto –podemos considerarlo trágico a su manera–, obliga en cierto modo a los gobernantes a reproducir la “vertical del poder” en su sentido clásico ruso, esto es, un sistema de subordinación que va “ot Moskvy do samyj okrain” (“desde Moscú hasta los confines del país”), como rezaba la letra de una famosa canción de tiempos de Stalin que ensalzaba la URSS como el país más libre del mundo. Era un sistema paramilitar, con frecuencia en el sentido estricto de la palabra y otras veces en el sentido amplio, y que se basaba en la ejecución en cadena de la voluntad de quien ocupaba en un momento dado la posición central, que solía ser un solo hombre (o un grupo de personas, más infrecuentemente). No había lugar en él para forma alguna de iniciativa que partiera de las bases, ni para la autoorganización social. Es más, se manifestaba abiertamente hostil a estos fenómenos.
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Traducción: Higinio J. Paterna Sánchez
Selected samples
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